Dental Caries

Dental caries is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide, affecting all age groups. Fortunately, it is largely preventable with appropriate daily care and regular professional monitoring.

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How does it develop?

Dental caries occurs when teeth are exposed to acids produced by bacteria naturally present in the mouth, particularly after the frequent consumption of sugary foods or drinks.

It represents a progressive destruction of the tooth structure. Initially, it affects the outer layer (enamel). If left untreated, it can progress to deeper layers, potentially causing pain and infection.

In its early stages, caries may appear as a small white spot on the tooth surface, often without symptoms. For this reason, it may go unnoticed without professional assessment.

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Why does dental caries occur?

Caries develops when four factors are present simultaneously: bacteria, frequent sugar intake, a susceptible tooth surface, and time.

Each time sugar is consumed, bacteria produce acids that weaken the enamel. If this process happens repeatedly over time, the tooth gradually loses minerals, and a cavity (commonly referred to as a “hole”) may form.

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Warning signs

• Sensitivity to cold, heat or sweet foods;
• Spontaneous pain or discomfort when chewing;
• Visible spots or discolouration on the tooth;
• Persistent bad breath;
• Swelling or more intense pain in advanced stages.

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Can dental caries be prevented?

The good news is that dental caries can be prevented through consistent daily habits, including:

• Brushing at least twice a day with fluoride toothpaste (fluoride helps strengthen enamel and protect against acid attacks);
• Using dental floss daily;
• Avoiding frequent sugar intake throughout the day;
• Drinking water after meals;
• Attending regular dental check-ups.

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What if caries is already present?

When detected at an early stage, it may be possible to halt its progression with preventive measures.

However, if a cavity has formed, restorative treatment may be required. This involves removing the infected tissue and rebuilding the tooth, commonly with composite resin materials.

The earlier caries is treated, the simpler, more conservative and more cost-effective the treatment will be.

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Conclusion

Dental caries is a preventable and controllable condition. Adopting appropriate daily habits, combined with regular professional monitoring, is essential to maintaining long-term oral health.

Prevention and early diagnosis remain the most effective ways to preserve a healthy smile and avoid more complex treatments in the future.